Advantages and Disadvantages of a PRP System Research Paper

Advantages and Disadvantages of a PRP System - Research Paper Example PRP system was a big idea of the late 1980s. It was viewed as the answer for motivating people and developing their performance. Nearly 40% of the organizations used in 1998 for management, 25% for non-management. The wave turned reverse PRP in the 1990s when the previous schemes were not delivering the expected results. Extensive innovations in compensation systems and, in particular, a variety of attempts to link pay to a measure of performance have been witnessed in recent years. Those innovations have been related to wider initiatives in order to improve the performance of organisations and in particular efforts to increase employee involvement. On the whole, there has been systematic research on the effects of performance-related pay (PRP) schemes. Also, existing results seems a little bit contradictory, with some studies suggesting that PRP schemes might have a positive influence on organisational performance. The majority of existing research focuses on individual-based PRP, e specially piece-rates, in spite of the existence of a wide variety of schemes that are neither based on individual performance nor even a tangible measure of output. Many PRP schemes focus on paying to a work-group or firm performance measures. Some, on the other hand, is based on subjective measures of output, such as merit pay. There are also schemes that link a component of pay to the profits of the organisation or offer employee’s shares in lieu of cash as forms of team PRP scheme. Furthermore, these can also be regarded as similar to PRP schemes, although involving a very indirect link between performance and pay.

Computer Crime Essay Essay Example for Free

Computer Crime Essay Essay Computer crime is an ongoing issue that we continuously see, and a major problem with this is that most people do not realize the harm that computer crime can cause. Computer crime is also a niche that continues to grow. This is based on the fact that there are many different perceptions about what computer crime is, and the harmful effects it can have. Because there is a gap between traditional views of what cyber crime is and the actual realities of these crimes, it is a criminal offense that will continue to happen. A major issue within this industry is the fact that citizens, law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and the government don’t put cyber crime at the top of their list of dangerous crimes is because the actual act of computer crime is not in itself viewed as being dangerous. This is a traditional view of computer crime, and the book goes on to explain that, â€Å"many [stereotypical] computer criminals are non-threatening, socially challenged individuals, and 36.3% of officers believe that investigation of computer crime interferes with their ability to concentrate on ‘traditional’ crimes† (Britz, 7). Because police tend to not look too seriously at these crimes, the general public will form their own, similar opinions on the matter. This gives people an inaccurate belief about the effects of cyber crime. In fact, computer crime can and many times is violent today. One area of computer crime that has become particularly dangerous, especially for younger generations is cyber bullying. In recent years, we have seen more and more suicides related to cyber bullying then ever before. An example of this can be seen in the case of the United States v. Lori Drew. Lori was an older woman who pretended to be a teenaged boy and began to talk and soon after started an online relationship with a 14-year-old girl. The girl eventually began to fall for the fake 16-year-old boy that Lori Drew created. After a series of conversations, their â€Å"relationship† ended with a message from Drew telling the girl that nobody actually liked her and she should instead kill herself. Unfortunately, the 14-year-old girl, being highly impressionable and because of her feelings for this fake teenage boy, took the advice and ended up killing herself. A big issue we have seen with lawmakers imposing laws to prevent cyber crime is that, it is  such an advanced form of crime that many times it is unclear if there was an actual crime committed and if so where/when it happened. In past situations, â€Å"legislative bodies and judicial authorities have been slow to respond† (Britz, 5). This slow response allows for those committing crimes in cyber space to avoid punishment and lets these criminals continue their illegal operations. Another problem within this criminal sector is the gray area between, â€Å"someone who accesses information without authorization and someone who is actually committing an act in cyberspace meant to harm someone or destroy property† (Webster). Another traditional view when it comes to cyber crime that is probably the most commonly thought, is that â€Å"it would never happen to me†. The average American does not think that they could be a computer criminal’s targets. These people believe that because they aren’t millionaires and instead an average income American, cyber criminals won’t go after them. This unfortunately is not the case, and because these people aren’t taking the proper steps to protect themselves, they are becoming easier to target. In 2004, 54 million Americans were subject to email attacks by â€Å"phishers† looking to steal financial information from people. Roughly 4% of these 54 million people gave away their financials including credit card numbers, addresses, phone numbers, etc—that is almost 1.7 million people! In the year 2003, 1.2 billion dollars were generated in cyber attacks on average Americans. But computer criminals are not just using this phishing approach to steal information and money. They are practicing using key logging and spyware to steal passwords and other private information that can allow these people to go unnoticed while spending your money. Despite the fact that we see more and more security be put in place to avoid these issues, it continues to happen because so many people in our society believe it will not happen to them. But what is instead happening, is more of these average people are being targeted because they are essentially making it easier for these criminals to steal their personal information. While these criminals certainly could steal more money from millionaires, going after these more average Americans is easier and safer (Wilson). With how technology dependent our society has become, we see more and more  hacking crimes today. There even exist groups out there that have members from all over the world that collectively hack different websites. For example, Anonymous is probably the most well known hacking collective in the world. Parmy Olson’s book We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World, she discusses the history of the group and the attacks that they have done. This group would like us to believe that they are an activist group that seeks freedom for all people, but has hacked financial institutions such as PayPal, MasterCard and Visa. They want us to believe that they are freedom fighters and simply believe in an unregulated Internet, but they tend to go after websites and companies that simply disagree with their message. It is kind of a double-edged sword, because while they are preaching about freedom of speech, they then in turn go after people who disagree with their message. Olson even discusses the fact that the group went after her because of the books she was writing about this organization. People are definitely becoming more aware of the dangers of computer crime, many Americans still do not see the detrimental effects that cyber crime can have on society. These people that are blinded by traditional views of computer crime, have become the target of attacks. Their lack of preparations have allowed cyber criminals to go after them and gain money through their computer skills. Works Cited Britz, M. T. (2013). Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime and Introduction (3rd ed., Vol. 3). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Olson, Parmy. We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency. New York: Little, Brown and Company, . United States v. Lori Drew. (Feb. 2008): California . 2 Jul. 2012. news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/cyberlaw/usdrew51508ind.pdf. Webster, S. C. (2013, June 20). Lawmakers Propose Cyber Crime Reforms. Retrieved from Raw Story website: http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/06/20/lawmakers-propose-cyber-crime-reforms-inspired-by-aaron-swartz/ Wilson, T. (n.d.). How Phishing Works. Retrieved June 30, 2013, from How Stuff Works website: http://www.howstuffworks.com/phishing.htm

Starship Troopers Essay -- Analysis, Heinlein

The Novum presented in Starship Troopers is the rule of the Veterans and the resulting primacy of the military. This Novum sets the novel up as a utopic pandering to a readership demographic that the author himself is a member of. This is a normative sci-fi construction. Starship Troopers deviates in that the true target readership is the young man who has not yet been given a chance to join up. He is meant to gain a favorable understanding of the military man by sharing in his dream. The dream then - the world created – is the persuasive device. Heinlein begins by claiming historical inevitability for his Novum. Once our decadent civilization falls, the veterans; as the faction best equipped to counter anarchy, will simply take over police and then government functions. Further, â€Å"those [early] veterans, since they were finding it necessary to hang some veterans, decided that, if they had to do this, they weren't going to let any "bleedin'†¦ unprintable" civilians have any say about it.† (198). Which is to say that the distinction between soldier and civilian was built on the soldier’s resentment of their task. This implies that the soldiers blame the societal collapse on the decadence of the civilians. This is partially countered when veterans are stated to be just as likely to commit a crime as non-veterans (199) but more fully reaffirmed when it is stated that â€Å"[democracy] failed because the people had been led to believe that they could simply vote for whatever they wanted†(76). Re gardless, this is where Heinlein introduces his system of franchise, and it too is conceptualized as an organic and obvious development. These two classes are essential as the book is a bildungsroman and its action is of comparison between the t... ...the appeal of the life of the soldier and even of the validity of his Novum as a government form (he makes explicit reference to Technocracy, the nearest equivalent (199)). I do find the argument convincing, but perhaps not as much for the younger reader. The best advantages of military service presented are acquiesce and contentment, in short, the death drive - the desire to live less – a desire I hope is not well formed in the young reader. The arguments for the superiority of the military man are less convincing since they rely on a pretty problematic altruism founded on species survival over the individual but they are serviceable and no one debates with someone who wants to sacrifice himself anyways. Overall, if the capitalist game of meritocracy appears a bit too rigged and the death drive kicks in a bit early, military service is shown to be a good option. Starship Troopers Essay -- Analysis, Heinlein The Novum presented in Starship Troopers is the rule of the Veterans and the resulting primacy of the military. This Novum sets the novel up as a utopic pandering to a readership demographic that the author himself is a member of. This is a normative sci-fi construction. Starship Troopers deviates in that the true target readership is the young man who has not yet been given a chance to join up. He is meant to gain a favorable understanding of the military man by sharing in his dream. The dream then - the world created – is the persuasive device. Heinlein begins by claiming historical inevitability for his Novum. Once our decadent civilization falls, the veterans; as the faction best equipped to counter anarchy, will simply take over police and then government functions. Further, â€Å"those [early] veterans, since they were finding it necessary to hang some veterans, decided that, if they had to do this, they weren't going to let any "bleedin'†¦ unprintable" civilians have any say about it.† (198). Which is to say that the distinction between soldier and civilian was built on the soldier’s resentment of their task. This implies that the soldiers blame the societal collapse on the decadence of the civilians. This is partially countered when veterans are stated to be just as likely to commit a crime as non-veterans (199) but more fully reaffirmed when it is stated that â€Å"[democracy] failed because the people had been led to believe that they could simply vote for whatever they wanted†(76). Re gardless, this is where Heinlein introduces his system of franchise, and it too is conceptualized as an organic and obvious development. These two classes are essential as the book is a bildungsroman and its action is of comparison between the t... ...the appeal of the life of the soldier and even of the validity of his Novum as a government form (he makes explicit reference to Technocracy, the nearest equivalent (199)). I do find the argument convincing, but perhaps not as much for the younger reader. The best advantages of military service presented are acquiesce and contentment, in short, the death drive - the desire to live less – a desire I hope is not well formed in the young reader. The arguments for the superiority of the military man are less convincing since they rely on a pretty problematic altruism founded on species survival over the individual but they are serviceable and no one debates with someone who wants to sacrifice himself anyways. Overall, if the capitalist game of meritocracy appears a bit too rigged and the death drive kicks in a bit early, military service is shown to be a good option.

My father, my hero Essay

My father is not a celebrity; he is not such a recognizable face. My father is not a national hero; he is not a multi-millionaire. My father is just an average quiet man, whom I honour and respect. My father was born in 1954, in the small South-Indian state of Kerala. He was the fourth child of my grandfather (late C.M. Thomas). My father managed to succeed well enough in classes to pursue education at Ranny College (Affiliated to Kerala University). In college, he majored in physics and soon went to Bombay, looking for a job. There he completed a financial accounting course and thus received a job offer (for secretary) in Saudi Arabia. He arrived in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1980, vastly different from the one we see today. While in Saudi, he met my mother, who was working as a nurse in one of the hospitals there. They got married in India and started their married life in Saudi Arabia. Soon after that, he got a job offer as an accountant from one of the branches of Nissan Diesel. He has been a faithful employee of Nissan Diesel for over 20 years now. In the past 20 years, he received many awards and promotions in appreciation for his dedicated service. Presently, he is working as the manager of one the three main showrooms of Nissan Diesel in all of Saudi Arabia. My mom on the other hand, is now the ‘Deputy Nursing Director’ of one of the best private hospitals in the Kingdom. Both my father and mother, hold high executive positions and are a great help to the South-Indian community is Saudi Arabia. My father is a very respected person, both in India as well as in Saudi. In his company, he has a staff of 25 people, working directly under him. My father is a truthful and straight-forward person, who has excelled due to his very unique leadership skills. He has also been a great help/support to many friends & relatives there. I truly believe that people like him are an asset to the South-Indian community. He is an outstanding problem-solver/a troubleshooter and has always been a great help for his company. He also plays a great role in the church as an elder and as an active figure. My father has now decided to immigrate to Canada, far from the land of his memories and dreams to a new land of supposed opportunity for his children. As a role model, my father’s life and destiny is never based him on alone. He has sacrificed his own personal happiness for the well being of his children. The comfort of living in a familiar culture as a well-known figure, has been traded for the future education and happiness of his two children. In choosing this country to settle in, my father is forsaking his respectful position, higher salary and close family. In return, he will gain nothing personally besides the happiness and well being of his children. I truly honour and respect the courage that accompanies such a decision. And for this reason, my father is my hero. He is my role model.

Diabetes Type 1: Stem Cell Research

Stem cell therapy involves the direct transplant of islet cells to potential areas in the pancreas that have the ability to store and facilitate the differentiation of beta cells in the body. Such treatment is currently under progressive study in terms of its effectiveness and the possibility of fortifying the islet transplant’s resistance to autoimmune attacks antibodies. We discuss the actual procedures and different alternatives of stem cell therapy for DMT1 patients. The discussion covers the potential problems being confronted by such treatment, such as stem cell scarcity, autoimmune attacks against the islet transplants, etc.Lastly, discussion also covers the potential alternatives of the treatment, specifically (1) human embryonic stem cells, (2) cultured stem cells and (3) potential xenogeneic resources. In the conclusion, we have found several problems currently being faced by stem cell therapy. These problems include the scarcity of available islet grafts or transpla nts and the autoimmune risks that can dramatically hinder to the success of the therapy. However, various studies are currently being explored in order to obtain potential alternatives, such as xenogeneic stem cell resources, embryonic or progenitor alternatives, etc.Furthermore, we discover different methodologies in stem cell culturing and preparation techniques that confront the immunity problems most especially in post-transplant phase. These include the usage of different immuno-suppressing drugs, such as gastrin, etc. 2. Introduction 1. 1 . Type 1 Diabetes DMT1 is essentially the absence or severe insufficiency of insulin due to the autoimmune (e. g. CD4 interleukin attacks, cellular necrosis, macrophagial reactions, etc. ), environmental or viral destruction of beta cells (e. g. iral infections from mumps, etc. ) or insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas. Although, autoimmune reasons are the most commonly associated etiology that cause DMT1 condition. Apparently, the body an tibodies, specifically interleukins and minor interferons, recognize the antigenicity present on pancreatic islets as foreign substances, which consequently triggers autoimmune responses. The prevalence of DMT1 in United States is approximately 1 in 2500 for the age group of 5 years old, which 1 in 300 for every 20 years of age group.Although the most considerable nature of DMT1 is its autoimmune nature, prevalence of DMT1 in United States and European nations largely depends on two causations: (1) genetics and (2) lifestyle. According to the EURODIAB collaborative study, a registry involving 44 countries in Europe, states an annually increasing rate of DMT1 with approximately 3 to 4%, with a larger increase in some central and eastern European countries . The prevalence of DMT1 among 191 World Health Organization (WHO) member states and for all age groups worldwide is estimated to be 2. % in 2000 and 4. 4% in 2030 . DMT1’s beta cell destruction does not only consider the neg ative effects towards insulin production. Deficiency in insulin can directly lead to moderate to severe hyperglycemia that can further trigger problems, especially in (1) neural systems, (2) peripheral and central vascular regions, (3) cardiac and (4) kidney areas. Vascular complications among DMT1 are associated to different cellular dysfunctions, such as Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) that induce metabolic stress and vascular angiogenicity especially when the cells are decreased.The primary principle that explains the metabolic and cardiovascular dangers of this illness is the increased of tonicity in the blood or also known as fluid hypertonicity. Due to the increased surge of blood glucose levels, fluids, such as blood, lymph, interstitial fluid, etc. , become thicker than its normal viscosity. With this fluid condition, the circulation exerts tremendous vascular and hyperosmolar pressure from major vessels to minor arterioles and veinuoles. Eventually, the prolonged pressur e can lead to various complications, such as eye retinopathy, nephronic damage, nerve ending necrosis, etc.The common treatment being prescribed among DMT1 patients is the continuous administration of insulin injectables in order to fill in the body’s insulin requirements. This is done to temporarily replace or fill in the insulin insufficiency of the body. However, insulin therapy and maintenance are lifetime measures that require continuous commitment, which can greatly interfere in the person’s self-esteem and lifestyle progression. To resolve these potential emotional and psychosocial damages of the temporary insulin therapy, permanent treatments, such as stem cell implants, autoimmune suppressors, etc. are currently being studied with hopes of permanently curing the disease. Stem cell studies have carefully focused in determining the potential strategies in order to induce beta cell differentiation and cellular regeneration, especially among those damaged or destr oyed islet cells. Clearly, with cellular differentiation and regeneration s the goal of stem cell treatment, vast numbers of research discussed in the latter part of the studies have intensively focused their explorations in the disease’s autoimmune nature.Modern studies of beta cells have always been associated to the macrophagial and lymphocytic activities of T-cell mediated antibodies, such as CD4+CD25+, CD+ T-cells, etc. Most studies are determined in configuring the possible strategies of resolving, preventing and/or countering the DMT1’s autoimmune response on both original islets and implant islet grafts. In animal trials, most commonly rodents, autoimmune elements of the disease are somehow resisted when significant dosage of immune-inhibiting drugs (e. g. nfliximab, daclizumab and sirolimus, etc. ) are applied on the islet implants prior to the commencement of stem cell implantation.Several studies (e. g. Gastrin applicationetc. ) have found promising strategi es that can immunize the transplant grafts and possibly the original islets themselves from the autoimmune destruction rendered by the disease; although, modern science has not yet considered the safe applicability and effectiveness among human trials due to the conflicts encountered by the studies, such variations of drug responses or autoimmune actions. On the other hand, the signs and symptoms of DMT1 and DMT2 are both related to the two principal components of diabetes: (1) hyperglycemia and (2) hypoinsulinemia.DMT1 commonly presents its condition with the classic manifestations of polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria . Physiologically, the three principal signs of DMT1 are extremely integrated and fostered by the body’s sympathetic natural response. For example, due to the hyperglycemic state of the body, the satiety centers of the brain triggers polydipsia in order for the body to increase its fluid intake aiming to dilute the tonicity or increased blood glucose levels. In the process, the body increases the fluid contents in the blood increasing as well the kidney workload in processing urinary output; therefore, producing polyuria.Consequently, fluid loss also causes significant electrolyte losses and glucose malabsorption that trigger body weakness. In order to compensate, the body triggers polyphagia that aims to increase food consumption. The three latter manifestations are considered the cardinal or principal manifestations of DMT1 common to all patients. Weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, pruritis and muscle wastage are the secondary symptoms that follow with the continuous manifestations of DMT1 cardinal signs .The secondary complications of DMT1 can further aggravate if the physiological hyperglycemia and other associated signs and symptoms are not resolved. Tertiary complications involve severe manifestations that can be fatal in nature, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and possibly diabetic coma. 1. 2. Causes of DMT1 DMT1 has three poten tial origins that are currently under extensive study, namely (1) chronic autoimmune destruction of beta cells, (2) environmental destruction of beta cells that is commonly viral in nature, and (3) genetic abnormality in beta cells and/or insulin receptors .The autoimmune etiology of DMT1, as discussed earlier, involves the activity of interleukin-1 protein cytokine that principally triggers the immunologic response of CD4+ T cells against beta cells. The autoimmune nature has proven the relationship between beta cell destruction and islets’ inflammation due to interleukin invasion; however, studies have not yet determined the principal source of this cytokine production . The issues surrounding the autoimmune proposition in the DMT1 condition is the communicating element/s induced by the disease that activates antibodies’ response against the islet cells.As of the recent studies, no specific communicating agent has been discovered linking both DMT1 condition and its a utoimmune reaction towards islet cells; although, there are numerous evidences that reveal the exact autoimmune attacks against pancreatic islet cells, most significantly on the beta cells. Meanwhile, viral causations have also been associated to the occurrence of DMT1. Common viruses, such as mumps, rubella and coxsackie, have been associated to the destruction of beta cells, which eventually triggers the chronic drop of insulin production .Cytokine-interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) has been associated with the occurrence of DMT1 with hypothetical viral origin. According to clinical reports, IFN-alpha is brought by environmental viruses (enteroviruses) that trigger immune-mediated beta cell destruction. Significantly, therapeutic agents targeting IFN-a may potentially be beneficial in the prevention of type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity . Lastly, genetic abnormalities min beta cell progenitors and cellular differentiations are also becoming part of the controversial cause of DMT1.The idea of genetic causation of DMT1 involves the reduced activity of embryonic progenitors in pancreatic endothelial, which consequently lessens the cellular differentiation of beta cells. With small beta cell count in the body, insulin production becomes insufficient causing cellular tension for insulin production. Prolonged state of hypoinsulinemia or complete absence of insulin in the blood usually results to DMT1 complications. Islet transplantation or stem cell therapy considers the destroyed islet areas that need replacement.According to Rother and Harlan, if patients with greater body mass indices and/or with insulin resistance were also considered for an islet transplant, the 3,000 transplantable islet preparations presently achievable would likely be sufficient to restore euglycemia to fewer than 1,000 patients per year, or less than 0. 1% of patients with T1DM, or approximately 0. 005% of those with either form of diabetes. Despite of the technological advancements of stem cells and islet transplants, most parts of DMT1 condition and autoimmune functionalities are still left undetermined.The scarcity of islet stem cells is not the only problems being faced by islet transplant therapy but also the impending variations of autoimmune activities of the body. Controlled experiments have been conducted on both rodents and primates; however, the results most of the time vary when applied to human samples. Although, such islet therapy have already been applied to human sample and proven to cause independent insulin production; although, medical issues, such as alternative stem cell or islet graft sources, risk of anaphylactic rejections, etc, are still being studies extensively.Therefore, scarcity and further study of the procedure are necessary to further the application of islet stem cell therapy among DMT1 patients. 1. 3. Therapy for DMT1 Stem cell transplant of islets of langerhans, specifically the ß -cells, is now considered as alternative treatment in tr eating Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DMT1); although, not all DMT1 patients are applicable candidates of stem cell therapy. Antigenicity testing and severity of DMT1 manifestations as well as autoimmune response to the treatment are usually evaluated before considering stem cell transplant.Through the process of genetic engineering, the autoimmune response of DMT1 towards the islet cells can now be countered by replacing the cellular necrosis of ß-cells. The study explores the different sections of ß–cells stem cell transplant, particularly on (1) the actual procedure, (2) allogeneic and xenogeneic possibilities, (3) the actual condition of DMT1 and (4) the pathophysiological principles involved in the process of disease progress and stem cell therapy.The case of DMT1 is autoimmune by nature wherein the body acts negatively to the islet cells by recognizing these cells as a form of foreign objects. Theoretically, the body’s macrophages and interleukins are alarmed by the foreign or abnormal structuring of islet antigens, which probably resulted due to the extensive response of the cells thriving within high insulin-needing environment. In response, the body’s immunologic centers trigger macrophagial and anti-body mediators (e. g. GAD65 Ab – Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies, Iinsulinoma Antigen 2, etc. attacking and destroying the body’s own pancreatic tissues . During these conditions, islet cells chronically declines in number as macrophagial actions subdue and destroy both progenitor cells in the pancreas and those differentiated islet cells, which include the beta cells. With the destruction of progenitor cells, the rate of cellular differentiations for further beta cells and other islet cell types (e. g. alpha cells, etc. ) decline leaving the body deficient of these endocrine hormones.Furthermore, as the existing and pre-existing beta cells die due to autoimmune damages, the capacity of the islet cells to regener ate also decline, which eventually decreases the number of existing beta cells within the islets. Theoretically, According to Xu, Wang and Hou (2008), as the body’s insulin requirement heightens and prolonged, the remaining beta cells experience physiological stress in insulin production, which, if not prevented, can lead to a negative feedback mechanism wherein insulin production complete shuts off its production.DMT1 patients experience decreased and/or absence of insulin production, and usually peaks between early adolescence (10 to 14 years of age) to middle adulthood (30 and above) . Pancreas manifests lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of islets of langerhans, which consequently causes depletion of insulin production. During the past few decades, studies on islet transplantation through mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have shown to improve the metabolic conditions of DMT1 patients. However, the performances and study results using MSC remains to be questionable.Trans -differentiation of MSCs into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) is considered the principal concept of the therapy; however, other reports have negated these results claiming that it is too difficult to assume and determine the timing and extent of improvement by only analyzing the effects through trans-differentiation. Cellular differentiation and self renewal can greatly vary depending on various conditions, such as existing drug therapies, immunologic sensitivity, duration of the illness, other existing disorder including complications dealt by DMT1, etc.Similar to other beta-stimulating treatments, MSC is considered growth factor stimulant of the surrounding beta cells, which aids in the mechanism of self duplication rather than cellular proliferation. According to Xu, Wang and Hou (2008), â€Å"MSCs transplantation into diabetic animals may prevent apoptosis of injured pancreatic beta cells and enhance regeneration of endogenous progenitor cells through paracrine actions† ( e. g. angiogenic, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects, etc. ). MSC studies are still on the process of development along with animal trials.MSC therapy alternative is process for treating principally the occurrence of hyperglycemia in DMT1; however, the process remains an assumption and currently being studied. In the study of Ezquer, Ezquer and Parrau (2008), MSC procedure has been detected to also contribute to tissue regeneration (e. g. bones, cartilage, infracted heart, brain and kidney). In the study, a test subject with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (C57BL/6 mice) has shown significant cellular neogenesis on pancreatic and renal function as well structure.Somehow, MSC has triggered a potential role of becoming a promising alternative as pancreatic progenitor cells that possess the capacity to initiate cellular differentiations. After the subject received a 0. 5 x 10(6) MSCs via ex vivo expansion, the sample has shown significa nt reduction in blood glucose levels and euglycemic values after a month. With MSC acting as the islet’s alternative progenitor cells, beta cell differentiation can progress to the development of other beta cells, which if continued can trigger cellular regeneration among produced existing beta cells.According to final conclusions of Ezquer, Ezquer and Parrau (2008), â€Å"MSC administration resulted in beta-pancreatic islets regeneration and prevented renal damage in diabetic animals. † This evidence shows the possibility of using MSC in initiating both cellular differentiation and self-duplication. Altthough, Xu, Wang and Hou (2008) still consider this process as an experimental alternative therapy for DMT1 condition. However, the study sample did not consider the potential effects of human autoimmune responses against these MSC grafts.Autoimmune responses can risk the success of graft transplant considering the increased antigenicity present among these islet transp lants, which is a considerable issue that arises in the results of their study. Meanwhile in the study of Feng, De-quan and Yan-hua (2008), they have focused on MSCs derived from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) in order to facilitate cellular transdifferentiation into beta cell alternatives via in vitro. In the study, UCB samples are obtained, while presenting MSCs are isolated for analysis via flow cytometer.In the process, islet-cellular differentiation has been induced for 15 days with or without extracellular matrix gel. This extracellular matrix gel provides an enriched environment that nourishes cellular requirements aiding in their differentiation and consequent self-duplication. With the help of chemiluminescent immunoassay system (CIS) in detecting glucose activity and insulin response, the studied found out that insulin positive cells (25. 2 ±3. 4%; UCB n=42) within ECM gel have produced functional islet proteins after 9 days of pancreatic differentiation.Considering th e feasible environment setup by ECM, the possibility of creating a zone wherein autoimmune reactions are considered nullified has also become one of the propositions that theoretically explained the results of the study. According to the conclusion of their study, MSC can actually differentiate into islet like cells in vitro and ECM gel. Fortunately, with the advent of modern technology and introduction of somatic stem cell transplant, the depletion of ß–cells can now be replaced with new generating ß–cells through stem cell implantation.In 1990, Scharp et al. has brought reports of success in the process of transplanting islet cells to patients with DMT1 through the process of improved islet isolation techniques (developed by Ricordi, Lacy and Finke et al. 1988) . Isolation techniques aim in discovering alternative progenitor sources of progenitor cells that possess the capacity to differentiate into insulin-producing cells that can serve as essential alternativ e for beta cells.Aside from pancreatic progenitor cells, the study has also discovered potential sources in the kidney, liver, bone marrow and other vital organs of the body. Isolation techniques usually require individualized culturing of islet transplants prior to the actual therapy. With the introduction of ß–cells implantation, different forms of islet transplant (e. g. billiary installation of islet cells, xenogeneic sources of islets, etc. ) have been considered throughout the process of stem cell therapy. On the other hand, certain reaction problems produced during the process (e. . anaphylactic response, incompatible cellular transplant, insulin-sensory impairment, etc. ) have also been observed in throughout the process of therapy. Despite of the potential therapeutic permanence of islet transplant therapy against DMT1 condition, most medical specialists (Kabelitz, Geissler and Soria, 2008; Xu, Wang and Hou, 2008) consider this treatment as last resort therapy for severe cases of DMT1. Stem cell therapy is not yet considered as a general treatment applicable for all sorts of DMT1 conditions.According to Kabelitz, Geissler and Soria (2008), the concepts in the cellular treatment of DMT1 are (1) the replacement of islet cells by islet-like cells derived from embryonic or adult stem cells, and (2) promotion and establishment of immunological tolerance of islet cells towards self-antigens through regulatory T cells and/or tolerance-promoting monocyte-derived cells. Studies have explored possible ways in dealing with the confronting problems of the procedures, such as scarcity, autoimmune sensitivity, etc.In the preceding sections of the discussion, the two concepts are further explained considering the possibility of merging the two procedures in order to attain maximum efficiency in the DMT1 cellular therapy. 3. Modern Techniques in Treatments of DMT1 1. 1 Islet Cell Transplant The principal concept of stem cell therapy is the harvesting of pot ential and/or adult health cells that are transferred to failing or degenerating organs. As for DMT1 conditions, islet transplantation, specifically on ß–cells implantation, is the most impressive treatment that shows promising permanent cure for islets’ autoimmune degradation.According to Hussain and Theise, â€Å"stem-cell therapy here implies the replacement of diseased or lost cells from progeny of pluripotent or multipotent cells. † According to Haller, Viener and Wasserfall et al (2008), UCB-derived MSCs are significant autologous progenitor inducers that can initiate cellular self duplication or regeneration. In their study using 12 autologous UCB infusions, preliminary results show significant slowing of endogenous loss of beta cell degradation among DMT1 children subjects.Aside from the slowing of hyperglycemic actions induced by DMT1, Keymeulen (2008) has proposed the possibility of actually blocking or preventing the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in DMT1 conditions. In the study, Keymeulen (2008) proposes the short-term humanized anti-T-cell antibody treatment that aim to inhibit the t-cell activities and preserve the residual beta-cells for at least 18 months in order to induce cellular regeneration and stabilize metabolic control of the body over the rising glucose levels.By applying Anti-Thymocyte-Globulin, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil to a non-uremic C peptide negative DMT1 patient, marked decrease in autoimmune activities has risen to more than 80%. Another principle of stem cell transplant in islet cell therapy is biologic differentiation wherein a pool of undifferentiated precursors (e. g. Human Islet-derived Precursor Cells or hIPCs, etc. in pancreas appears to be a series of stem cell that further differentiate to islet-endocrine cellular population: (1) Glucagon-producing alpha-cells, (2) insulin-producing beta-cells, (3) somatostatin-producer in Delta cell, (4) pancreatic polypeptide secreting cells . Both of these cellular somas act as the cellular surrogate of ß–cells that shall replace the depleted or damaged cellular source in the pancreas . Cellular differentiation holds the key in inducing growth to the depleted beta cells in the islet of langerhans.According to the study of Abdi, Fiorina and Adra (2008), islet transplantation (ppluripotent stromal cells) provides great potential for diversifying the cellular lineage even with postnatal damaged tissues. The study of of Abdi, Fiorina and Adra (2008) support the idea of cellular renewal and differentiation giving more emphasis on the mesodermal origin. In such case, the study introduces the concept similar to other studies (e. g. immuno suppression of T-cell activity, increasing beta cell antigenitcity resistance, etc. wherein the introduction of MSCs or islet transplant pluripotent cells may induce an immunomodulatory effect, which eventually facilitates cellular regeneration. The study of Seissler and Schott (20 08) also supports the idea of cellular differentiation and self-renewal; however, they have questioned the capacity of supporting the cellular capabilities of stem cells derived from adult pancreas or non-pancreas. During cellular differentiation of endocrine tissue, precursor cells secrete multiple hormones prior to final maturation of differentiated cells that secret single classification of hormone.Most of these hormones are actual growth hormones that enhance cellular differentiations and regeneration. Although these actions are most of the time slow-phased and are very much vulnerable to immunologic attacks, some studies (e. g. Piper, Brickwood and Turnpenny, 2004; Lai, Schneider and Kidszun, 2005) suggest that once islet cells have regained its stable cellular disposition, which can varies depending on the prevailing physiological atmosphere (e. g. decreased immune activity, prolonged hypoinsulinemia, etc. , the cellular proliferation and restorative scheme can pursue more rap idly than its common phasing. In the process of islet transplant, beta cells are produced as part of the general cellular differentiation produced by broad cellular differentiations . According to Rosenburg, Lipsett and Yoon et al (2004), once islet cell quantity have increased to a stable position and the environment requires extensive insulin production, autoimmune response of the body against these cells are seen to decline dramatically.Once islets have differentiated from progenitor populations, the cells migrate towards the surrounding exocrine tissues. With the help of angiogenesis resulted by vascularization of islet’s arteriolar blood flow, specific cells present in the islet progenitors, beta cell progenitor, increase its differentiation phase, which consequently increases the number of beta cells present in the pancreas . As beta cells increase, the body’s glucose-perception also enhances considering the increased quantity of glucose sensing beta cells.The di fferentiated beta cells react against the decreased body insulin levels by producing insulin, which further stimulate beta cell’s massive proliferation in islets of langerhans . Upon stimulation of cellular differentiation under insulin deficient environment, islet transplant may significantly continue with its differentiation and regeneration schemes without the heightened danger of autoimmune attacks. This theoretical physiology can serve as the actual basis for considering the value of restoring stable beta cell count within the body.However, the conflict that needs resolution is the safety of islet grafts upon its initial stage of transplant. Differentiation of beta cells is the primary target of islet stem cell therapy among DMT1 patients. These cells are highly specialized cell type, phylogenetically developed, and regulators of glucose homeostasis in higher forms of organisms. However, some studies suggest (Montanya, 2004; Vinik, Rosenberg and Pittinger, 2004; Hermann, Margreiter and Hengster, 2007) the inverse relationship present between cellular proliferation and differentiation of islet implanted stem cells.The most common problem that arises during post-transplant phase is the decreased differentiation of beta cells, which, in some cases, are not enough to fill in the body’s insulin requirements . However, Dor, Brown and Martinez (2004) assert that Beta cells, during post-stem cell therapy, do not base the production of additional beta cells in the rate of differentiation; rather, beta-cells proliferate through the process of self-duplication .This is considered as an argument in the idea proposed in the latter section wherein it proposes the nullity in achieving cellular stability in both differentiation and regeneration once specific rate of beta cells are reached in the process. Although the proposed theory does not entirely in-distant with the latter, the argument suggests that beta cell proliferation solely derives from the pre-e xisting beta cells obtained via transplant, which further proliferates via the process of cellular regeneration and not entirely differentiation.As for the critique, cellular differentiation is regarded as of little importance due to its low contribution in cellular proliferation. According to Dor, Brown and Martinez (2004), â€Å"Our analysis shows that pre-existing beta-cells, rather than pluripotent stem cells, are the major source of new beta-cells during adult life and after pancreatectomy in mice†¦ These results suggest that terminally differentiated beta-cells retain a significant proliferative capacity in vivo and cast doubt on the idea that adult stem cells have a significant role in beta-cell replenishment. Xunrong, Hua and Soo (2005) support the argument through their study indicating the process of autoimmune blockage (Transforming Growth Factor-TGF-[beta]1) rather than the concept of cellular differentiation brought by stem-cell therapy . In the study, they have m ention the capacity of growth factors, such as TGF, to provide temporary autoimmune suppression that blocks the hazardous effects of this bodily responses.With increased angiogenesis or vascularization, the newly introduced cells (beta cells) can rapidly and freely proliferate as long as adequate oxygenation from rapid blood supply is present, and autoimmune suppression is being facilitated by the growth factors. According to Xunrong, Hua and Soo (2005), â€Å"Syngeneic islet grafts failed by day 17 in all untreated mice, whereas Ad-hTGF- [beta]1 therapy prolonged survival of islet grafts. Our data demonstrate that systemic TGF-[beta]1 gene therapy blocks islet destructive autoimmunity, facilitates islet regeneration, and cures diabetes in diabetic NOD mice†.TGF-[beta]1 possesses the functions of temporarily blocking the autoimmune response against the transplanted islet graft as well as triggering cellular regeneration channeled through self-duplication. Considering the argu ments propose by the two latter studies, this study still concludes the essential contributions of cellular differentiations brought by pre-existing progenitor cells from stem transplant or original sources; since, these component holds the appropriate physiological distribution of islet cell re-categorization and reproduction. 1. 2 Stem Cell TransplantationContrary to the concept of cellular differentiation and proliferation, post-stem cell transplant on islet cell is said to induce aggressive self-renewal due to the presence of significant growth components (e. g. TGF-[beta] 1, hemo-erythropoetin,etc. ) that enhance pre-existing beta cell proliferation and protect the cells from autoimmune attacks. Through the use of a DNA analog-based lineage-tracing technique , the study has found that precursor cells do not actually contribute to further differentiation of adult beta cells, and not even during acute beta cell regeneration.Rather, beta cells are being produced through self-renew al or duplication wherein a programmed cell division occurs through a refractory period preventing excessive or massive beta cell proliferation. Although, as argued by various studies (Lee, Grossman and Chong, 2008; Gershengorn, Anandwardhan and Wei, 2004), theoretically, differentiation rate usually surges during the initial phase of cellular implantation; however, once the cellular count of these differentiated cells stabilize, self-renewal or cellular regeneration of the existing beta or islet differentiated cells follow.Thus, explaining the inverse relationship between beta-cell proliferation and differentiation. Current studies in both allogeneic and xenogeneic stem cell sources are now being studied with marked emphasis on autoimmunity reversal or even autoimmunity tolerance. According to Lee, Grossman and Chong (2008), â€Å"stem cells from hematopoietic sources, such as bone marrow and fetal cord blood, pancreas, intestine, liver, and spleen, promise either new sources of i slets or may function as stimulators of islet regeneration†.Through stem cell introduction of pancreatic cells, specifically islets of langerhans, the adult human beta cells pre-existing in the stem cell transplant exhibit hormonal expression . Contrary to the concept of cellular proliferation, stem cell transplant essentially increases beta-cell resistance to autoimmune destruction of DMT1, which consequently facilitates the proliferation of beta cell in the islets of langerhans.According to various studies (Linning and Madkuhar, 2004; Strobel, Yuval and Stirman, et al. 006), aggressive beta cell self-duplication is the actual cause of beta cell proliferation whether by implantation of TGF-[beta] 1- induced islet cells or the traditional islet replacement. Implanted islet progenitors, when cultured, expresses 1% of endocrine cell proliferation during the first 48 hours up to 6% after five days . According to Rosenberg, Lipset and Yoon (2004), increasing the mass of beta cells after the event of post-immune destruction induces a 175-amino acid pancreatic acinar cell protein called, Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein (INGAP) peptide, which acts as a stimulator of beta cell mass stimulator.INGAP peptide, similar to TGF-Beta growth factor, triggers cellular neogenesis enabling the rapid rate of cellular regeneration after significant results from cellular differentiation. The production of INGAP protein is commonly cited during post-phase of islet transplant. However, according to Lai, Irina and Eugen et al. (2008), gene modification present in cell transplantation process is problem considering the extensive cellular processes involved in the adaptation and transplant reception.Although, applications of several viral vectors (e. g. adenovirus-associated vectors, etc. have proven to be successful, but hESC is considered a more potent alternative due to its feasibility for genetic manipulation and self-renewal. During the mass replication of beta cells, the small portion of the cells stops in the process of neogenesis, while other beta cells are reserved for continuous replication at a very slow phase. After this scenario, the counter-attack of autoimmunity is usually expected; hence, treatment regimen that suppresses immunologic reaction on islet grafts are usually being instilled to the transplant sample prior to the therapy.This procedure increases the resistance of the graft cells against the autoimmune reactions triggered by the body. With a disorder such as DMT1, the chances of beta cell recovery become lesser due to the persistent autoimmune destruction of beta cells . The decreased capacity cellular replication in the adult beta cell is very much limited to result in a significant regeneration rate following autoimmune damages . Likewise, chronically increased metabolic requirements, such as increased insulin demand, can cause beta cells’ incapacity to fully cope in the given physiologic environment.This gives the appro priate rationale for implanting islet cells in the area of depleting beta cell in order for the progenitors to differentiate and proliferate mass beta cells in the area. According to the study of Urban, Kiss and Kovacs et al. (2008), hematopoetin centers of the body, such as bone marrow, may harbor cells that can actually influence the self-duplication of beta cells. Such concept is greatly associated to the principle of angiogenesis implying the value of appropriate oxygenation in the area of developing cellular clusters.In the study, sex-mismatched bone marrow cells (BMCs) and syngeneic or allogeneic MSCs are administered to a mice sample with streptozotocin induced DMT1, and consequently led to the rapid tissue regeneration after a single injection of a mixture of 10(6) BMCs per 10(5) MSCs. Other agents that can forcefully differentiate beta cells during post-islet transplant are INGAP (Rosenberg, Lipset and Yoon et al. , 2004; Weir, Toschi and Inanda et al. , 2004), GLP-1 and GL P-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Li et al. , 2004), betacellulin and activin A (Brubaker and Drucker, 2004), and the combination of EGF and Gastrin (Rooman and Bouwens, 2004) .These agents can actually force the cellular differentiation providing immediate and ensured processing new beta cells with much more lessened risks of being attacked by immunologic elements. Betacellulin, Activin A and Gastrin are the common immuno-suppressants being applied to most controlled studies on islet transplants today due to its availability and decreased result variations; although, some studies still explore the applicability and effectiveness of these agents in the process of triggering cellular differentiation.Meanwhile, Melleoul (2006) suggests that cellular differentiation of beta cell during post-islet transplant is controlled by series of genetic activators and transcription factors . Its absence in mice and humans during embryogenic to postnatal development may actually lead to pancreatic ag enesis. After such condition, cellular differentiation becomes restricted principally to ß cells wherein cellular regulation of genetic expression in ß cell-specific genes occurs.Furthermore, such condition facilitates the mediation of the glucose effect on insulin gene transcription, which shows that any exposure of ß cells to high glucose even with short period of time can actually stimulates insulin gene expression. However, chronic exposure to high glucose levels can actually trigger negative effects, such as alteration in ß-cell functions and gene transcription. PDX-1 transcription breaks down upon exposure to chronic hyperglycemia, while stimulation of beta activity is seen during acute hyperglycemia.Such genetic modifications can actually enhance the survivability of islet transplants within a new host considering the autoimmune function being rendered by continuous DMT1-induced CD4 immunoglobulins. According to Phillips and Tang (2008), using cellular, molecular and gene manipulation strategies, each islet transplant can actually be guarded or attain enhanced resistance even with the hostile environment directing immune rejection, inflammation, hypoxia and apoptosis.Genetic engineering provides cellular modification for constructing gene sequences. Considering the conflict existing in mass beta cell replication and autoimmune destruction, high quantities of beta cell replication during post-islet transplant has been associated to the reduced impact of autoimmune damage. With the help of CTL antagonists in terms of restricting T-cell activity, the regenerative capacity and neogenesis of ß-cells are expected to progress through forced-differentiation therapies.Initial activities between autoaggressive Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and beta cells are terminal event leading to cellular agenesis of ß-cell, which consequently affects both progenitor beta cells and those potential self-replicating beta cells from the pool of potential ß-c ell replenishment . Progression of CTL is unlikely to be stopped; hence, the only appropriate idea of treating the pathogenesis of DMT1 is the replenishment of beta cells that have been damaged throughout the ongoing autoimmune attacks.According to Dor (2006), progenitor cells present in the pancreas, specifically on pancreatic ducts, acini, islets of Langerhans, and other parts of the body (e. g. bone marrow, spleen, etc. ) are even more potent source of beta differentiation . However, these progenitor cells provide variable cellular differentiation rate that can compromise the process of stem cell therapy especially if the non-ideal progenitor cell source are used in the procedure.To compensate, most studies have explored the possibility of using embryonic-obtained stem cells that contain the most feasible progenitor cells aside from the ideal pancreatic progenitors. Although beta cells are differentiated from progenitor cells during embryonic phase of pancreatic development, the progenitors (marked by expression of neurogenin 3 and the paired box protein Pax-4) are seen to disappear upon birth . Such disappearance actually implicates a significant process that are undergoing with beta cells, which actually trigger fundamental change in their mode of maintenance and expansion.The cellular process begins from the embryonic progenitor-cell-based differentiation and further progress to massive self-regeneration. In the study of Nagaoka, Fukuda and Hashizume (2008), betacellulin (BTC) is analyzed as another potential growth factor that can induce progenitor-cell-based differentiation and cellular self-duplication. BTC possesses ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases that induces differentiation and cellular mitosis, especially among acinar-derived AR42J cells, transforming these cells into insulin-producing or beta functioning cells. As supported by Parnaud, Bosco and Berney et al. 2008), BTC-induced purified beta cells within allogeneic islet transplant graft enhanced by ECM have yielded a population of 91. 4 ±2. 8%. Nagaoka, Fukuda and Hashizume (2008) mention that BTC â€Å"independently and preferentially binds to two type I tyrosine kinase receptors, the EGF receptor (ErbB1) and ErbB4†. Significantly, BTC induced graft transplants are seen to contain mutant protein that promotes the rapid differentiation of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells to insulin-producing cells, which is actually the opposite with AR42J cells that contain wild-type BTC protein.Rapid differentiation is not entirely beneficial in nature as this can cause hyperplasia. According to Min Cho, Lim and Yoo et al. (2008), BTC, together with Nicotinamide sustained PDX1 expressions, actually induced cellular differentiation C-peptide proteins; although, insulin mRNA is found to be very low. 4. New Advances in Stem Cell Research The theory between stem cell differentiations versus beta cell progenitor self-duplication still coincide the need to restore pre-existing beta cell p ool from the ongoing damage made by the autoimmune CTL.Stem cell is still an important consideration in replenishing these depleted resources. However, due to the extensive problem on stem cell donors and sources, stem cell therapy is not yet considered part of an ideal DMT1 treatment. According to Korsgren, Lundgren and Felldin (2008), new alternatives for stem cell therapy are currently being explored with aims of determining other contributing components that induce cellular graft survivability and reduction of immunoresponse against DMT1 mediated antibodies.During the process of transplantation, the isolated islets transplant grafts are induced to embolise the liver after its introduction via the hepatic portal vein, which is a procedure that is unique in the area of stem cell implantation. However, such procedure is only an example of low efficacy procedure. A novel view on the engraftment of intraportally transplanted islets is presented that could explain the low efficacy of the procedure. As supported by Rother and Harlan (2004), and Hardikar (2004), only 750 patients have already been treated using allogeneic islet transplants since 1974 despite of the billions of DMT1 cases worldwide.Various alternatives have been proposed in order to counter such scarcity, specifically: (1) embryogenic blastocyst and post-natal resources, (2) culturing of stem cells, and (3) stem cell grafting using xenogeneic resource (e. g. umbilical cord, etc). The isolation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells has been introduced as a potential prospect for filling in the scarcity of beta cells, specifically through islet transplantation . Embryonic stem cells are harvested from blastocysts, while adult stem cells are from postnatal organisms.The process involves (1) the culturing and plating of embryoid bodies in insulin-transferrin-selenium-fibronectin medium, (2) supplementation and maintenance using N2, B27, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), (3) lowering of glucose c oncentration to reduce the physiological pressure on premature beta cell, (4) bFGF is withdrawn to prevent excessive growth stimulation, and (5) nicotinamide addition . Counteracting transcription-polymerase chain reaction found out an enhanced cellular expression of pancreatic genetic chains within the site of cellular differentiated cells.Using the Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization analysis, the findings have revealed a significantly increased percentile range of insulin-expressing cells within the cellular clusters. According to the study of Xia, Ayala and Thiede et al. (2008), hESCs, with the help of drug-inducing transgene expression (in vitro and in vivo) forms >95% purity level, which significantly implies the high possibility of regulating genetic expression of hESCs. After the islet transplantation, genetic expression of the cells remained stable and regulated with the help of an orally administered drug.Although, according to Chung and Stainer (2008), cellular o rigins that regulate pancreatic B cell induction and genetic expression is not yet fully understood. Differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to islet phenotype, identification and utilization of pancreatic precursor/stem cell from adult sources, and the cultivation of new islets from adult stem cells obtained from various tissue types or directly form other terminally differentiated cell types are the common areas being covered by islet transplant or stem cell research for DMT1 immunogenetics research .In such case, cultured embryogenic or adult somatic islet cells are transferred from its original placement to appropriate locations in the body of a DMT1 patient. Human Embryonic Stem Cell (HESCs) or ES possesses the capacity to continuously differentiate to cells that express both endoderm and pancreatic progenitor function, such as Foxa2, Sox17, Pdx1, and some islet endocrine hormones (e. g. beta cells) . According to Kroon, Martinson and Kadoya et al (2008), cellular therapy for DMT1 requires the renewal of human beta cells and not entirely the replacement of the degraded ones.In order to induce regeneration, pancreatic endoderm must be stimulated through the use cellular mediated glucose-responsive endocrine cells present within hESCs. The hESC-derived insulin-producing islet-like clusters (ILCs) comprises of 2 to 8% of human C-peptide-positive cells, glucagon-positive and somatostatin-positive cells. The study has detected a content of 70 ng of insulin/mug of DNA being produced through these hESC-derived ILCs, which is statistically higher than the innate fetal islets.In addition, cellular differentiation of hESCs induces the formation of Embryoid Bodies (EBs) that stimulate the gene expressions of POU5F1, nestin, FOXA2, ONECUT1, NEUROD1, PAX6, and insulin as long as the glucose environment is within 25mM levels . In the essence, implantation of hESCs in autoimmune-damaged islets can mobilize the islet cell differentiation through genetically expresse d progenitors from the islet transplant medium. Furthermore, continuous genetic expression is expected since the body’s glucose levels also influence the cellular differentiation of beta cells.Stem cells derived from hESCs places markers of development for endoderm, pancreatic and ß-cell development, glucose sensing, and production of mature insulin . Meanwhile, most studies have also centered in protein-based cellular communication involved during cellular differentiation phase after stem cell implants have been introduced. According to Kroon, Martinson and Kadoya (2008), therapeutic tests using a mice sample with 3000 transplanted human islet cells indicate that hESC derived pancreatic endoderm can actually aid in antibody resistance.In the study’s conclusion, they have pointed the definitive evidence proving the capacity of hESCs in generating glucose-responsive and insulin secreting implanted cells. Interestingly, in the study of Yu, Vodyanik and Smuga-Otto et a l (200), hESCs are found to be programmed by specific four genes, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28, which actually determines the pluripotent capacity of the embryonic stem cells and the characteristic of cellular differentiation. Although, the study concludes that the genetic mapping and processes involved within these newly discovered hESC genes are still in the process of intensive studies.Implanted stem cells actually integrate their needed functions for initiating the mechanism of glucose responsive regulation present as pre-proinsulin mRNA and expression of insulin C-peptide in vitro (Clark, Yochem and Axelman, 2007). Following transplantation into mice, cells become insulin and C-peptide immunoreactive and produce plasma C-peptide in response to glucose. The results of the study suggest that embryonic germ cell derivatives (e. g. ILCs, etc. ) may eventually function as a potent insulin producing cells .The use of islet-derived or stem cell therapy using embryonic cells remain exp erimental due to the challenges of cellular differentiation. Currently, the problems being faced by the treatment is the availability of stem cells that can possess the appropriate capacity to induce cellular differentiation and regeneration. According to the mentioned studies, simple cellular implantation is not entirely enough due to the greater risks imposed by the body’s physiological reaction against islet grafts.Hence, another issue arises in determining the best anti-immunity function or tolerance enhancer of islet graft transplants; although, latter studies have already discovered potential enhancers that can disregard or at least lessen the impact of cellular degradation brought by DMT1 immunity. Lastly, new advances of genetic modification techniques that shall increase cellular differentiation and renewal rates are already in the process of development. 5. Discussion In the research of Froud, Ricordi and Baidal, islet stem cells are cultured under steroid-free immu nosuppression and are transplanted to 16 DMT1 samples.The cultured islet stem cells have undergone a period of in vitro culture-process with heightened necrosis resistance through TNF- a (Tumor Necrosis Factor) blockade that aim to improve islet engraftment and provide alternative to fresh human islet transportation. The results of the study suggest that the implantation of cultured human islet allografts cause a reproducible insulin independence in all subjects under the series immunosuppressant infusions (a. intial Infliximab infusion, b. daclizumab and c. irolimus maintenance), comparable to that of freshly transplanted islets (Edmonton protocol) .In the absence of supplemental infusions (nfliximab, daclizumab and sirolimus), the results of the study have incurred 11/14 (79%) subjects that produced insulin independence at 1 year, while other 6/14 (43%) samples have gained this capacity after 18 months. Surprisingly, the same test subjects have maintained their insulin independenc e until 33  ± 6 month span. Furthermore, the findings have observed that patients are able to maintain their graft function while under the immunosuppressing infusions.According to the results, 8 out of 14 patients have suffered chronic partial graft losses that are likely immunological in nature considering that 5 of these already received supplemental infusions. Currently, 11 out of 14 subjects are in the receiving immunosuppressing infusions, and 8 (73%) of these are already manifesting insulin independence. The study significantly demonstrates the possibility of withholding the immunologic response upon exposure to certain immunosuppressant (e. g. nfliximab, daclizumab and sirolimus, etc. ).Although, the study has not mentioned the possible side effects and complications that such infusion can provide towards the body as a whole. However, since the stem cells are the only ones infused with these immunosuppressants, the chances of systemic immunosuppression are less likely as l ong as the dosage infused with the stem cells remain appropriate and feasible to the body’s normal function. In another culture study brought by Pinzon, Lakey and Brand (2005), they have used the combination of epidermal growth factor (EFG) and gastrin in order to induce beta cell neogenesis specifically on pancreatic exocrine duct cells .These growth factors also carry the risk of triggering extensive cellular neoplasia over-cellular multiplication; although, studies have already found drug induced techniques that can contain the cellular differentiation and regeneration upon introduction within the body system. In the study, human islet cells are placed under four weeks culture study in a serum-free medium with EGF (0. 3  µg/ml) as the control variable and gastrin content of 1. 0  µg/ml.Beta cells have shown significant increase in cultures with the combined medium of EGF and gastrin (+118%), while +81% for cultures with EGF alone. The EGF-gastrin culture has been obser ved again for the next four weeks, but without the said combination. Impressive results have shown beta cells progressive increase in quantity for the culture previously infused with both EGF and gastrin (+232%). Comparing these results from the latter discussed studies, EGF and gastrin have actually trigger cellular differentiation and self-duplication due to their growth factor properties.In the study of Suarez-Pinzon and Rabinovitch (2008), gastrin growth factor combined with epidermal growth factor (EGF) can actually restore pancreatic islet beta-cell mass and even reverse hyperglycemia even in the absence of immunotherapy in mice samples with artificially induced-DMT1. Reversal of hyperglycemia is most likely due to the increase in insulin production that counters the effects of DMS1. With the appropriate amounts of insulin secretion in the blood, the glucose tonicity will consequently be absorbed by the cells granted that the diabetic anomaly does not consider the insulin rece ptor functionalities within cellular surfaces.In the study, EGF dose of 10 microg/kg and gastrin dose of 30 microg/kg via intraperitoneally have been administered to 10 sample DMT1 mice. In terms of glucose levels, the samples have shown a marked decline from blood glucose of 23 +/- 2 mmol/L to 12 mmol/L within 36 days of individual EGF administration, while 19 days in individual gastrin administration. When combined, the decline in the samples’ glucose levels is already present within 11 days.In addition, the cellular islet counts have increased from 13. 0 +/- 0. x 10(5) cells to 29 +/- 2 x 10(5)cells, and considering the marked decrease of surrounding CD45+ leukocytes have also been observed. Therefore, such combination (EGF plus Gastrin) is confirmed to reduce blood glucose levels, prevent autoimmune activity of DMT1 mediated CD4 cells and increase cellular differentiation. Lastly, aside from hESC’s and cultured islet transplants, another potential source of stem ce lls currently being studied is from animals, known as xenogeneic sources . Pig islets are considered the best option available for xenogeneic transplants.According to Rother and Harlan (2004), such potential alternative are now being studied for different considered potentials, such as: Pig islets have been considered as potential source of islet stem cells aside from human source (a) The fact that humans had been treated with pig insulin for more than 60 years (b) Favorable husbandry — in that the species has large litters with offspring that attain adult size rapidly and with relatively robust islet numbers (c) The fact that pig islets respond to glucose in the same physiological glucose range as human islets (d) Existence of suitable societal-cultural relationship between the speciesDespite of the potential capacity of pig islets in acting as alternative stem cell resource, studies (Hering, Wijkstrom and Graham et al. , 2006; Rood, Buhler and Bottino, 2006) have identified its increased immuno-response towards CTL and autoimmune attacks initiated by DMT1 disease. Autoimmune attacks are the principal conflict considered in the process of islet transplantation wherein even if the graft has been successfully implanted, the risk of failure in the procedure is still considered possible considering the effects of autoimmunity triggered by increased antigenicity in the graft transplant.In one study, acute rejection caused the death of two macaque samples through cellular rejection mediated by CD4+ and CD*+ T cells and macrophages . In order to increase the effectiveness of xenografts after post-transplant phase, different culture infusions have been studied to prolong the life of pig islets xenografts. CD4 antibodies are usually being activated upon detecting significant system foreign antigens, which are usually introduced by bacteria, virus or any material that enters the body systems.In this principle, researchers (Kirchhof, Shibata and Wikkstrom et al. 004) have pointed their assumptions in the possible presence of antigens within xenotransplanted islet grafts. In addition, cellular infusions are considered to be at great risk due to the potential intrusion of incompatible antigens that might induce transplant rejection, and eventually autoimmune degradation of transplanted islet cells in the body. This condition is currently under extensive analysis and consideration since even with successful islet transplant, autoimmune response due to heightened cellular antigenicity can still pose the failure of the stem cell therapy.Due to this genetic dilemma, some studies (Kirchhof, Shibata and Wikkstrom et al. 2004; Komoda, S. Miyagawa and T. Omori et al. , 2004) have focused in determining the potential drug enhancers that can improve transplant antigenicity, especially among xenogeneic sources. First, with the infusion of islets from N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III (GnT-III) transgenic pigs, pig islet’s xenoantigenicity have significantly declined prolonging the survival of islets for the next five days of culture study. In another study, pig islets subjected for xenotransplantation are tested with alginate encapsulation.The transplant to tested in a primate, specifically a monkey-Cynomolgus maccacus . Adult pig islets encapsulated in alginate under optimal conditions (n=7) or not (n=5) are transplanted under the kidney capsule of the non-diabetic primate sample. Meanwhile, additional samples have received empty capsules (n=1) and non-encapsulated pig islets (n=2) as controls . The results of the study show the rapid inviability of non-encapsulated and encapsulated islets with no alginate and not in optimal condition.Implanted pig islets under optimum alginate encapsulation showing significant prolonged islet survival for as long as six months. However, despite of the experimental success, the study still regards the conflicts encountered by the processes (e. g. variations of graft antigenicity, etc). 6 . Conclusion DMT1 is a condition manifested by increased and frequent manifestations of hyperglycemia caused by the insufficient production or depleted insulin levels. The most universally recognized cause of beta cell destruction is the autoimmune etiology caused by CD4 interleukins, and other associate antibodies.The aims of the therapy are the induction of cellular differentiation while facilitating as well the renewal of the existing and pre-existing beta cells in the islet graft transplant or in the remaining original islets. However, the principal conflict of the procedure is the interference caused by the autoimmune reaction of the body towards the transplanted islet grafts; although, recent studies have continuously explored different possibilities of suppressing autoimmune responses and forcing cellular activities.Stem cell therapy is a potential prospect for permanently treating the condition of DMT1 considering the main concept involved in its pathogenesis – destru ction of beta cell or insulin producing cells. The processes, physiology and pathological considerations in the stem cell therapy of islet transplant involve the criticality of autoimmune response towards the islet transplant.The controversy of such treatment is the effectiveness of implanting whether the islet cells containing stem cells based on the concept of cellular differentiation or islet cells with pre-existing beta cells based on the concept of cellular self-renewal. Despite of the argument between the two perspectives involve, another main issue arises, specifically the scarcity of stem cell from allogeneic donors. According to the approximated statistics, only 750 cased of DMT1 have successfully obtained the stem cell transplant of islet cells considering the billions of other DMT1 patients existing.In order to resolve such scarcity, various forms of stem cell resources have been proposed and are currently under extensive studies, specifically (1) human embryonic stem cel ls, (2) cultured islet stem cells, and (3) xenogeneic sources specifically the pig islet stem cells. According to most studies, autoimmune damage progress if cell count of beta cells is introduced insufficiently to the recipient body; although, stem cell therapy is nearing towards its potential of being a significant cure as beta cell replacement and insulin producer.

Babe essays

Babe essays Imagine youre a little girl in the 30s and 40s. What do you play? Dolls, house, cook with Mom? Not Babe Didrikson. As a little girl she was playing basketball, softball, baseball, and other sports. In her life she played basketball, baseball, softball, tennis, track and field, bowling, diving and swimming, pool and volleyball. People looked at her as a tomboy and unladylike. She didnt care. She once quoted, Before I was even into my teens I knew exactly what I wanted to be when I grew up. My goal was to be the greatest athlete that ever lived. Born Mildred Ella, she was named Babe after hitting five home runs in one baseball game. A reporter once asked her, Is there anything you dont play? Yea, she replied, dolls. She was just a natural. She loved playing sports. She was, however, a very poor student. She only passed enough classes to play sports. She had short hair and wore clothes like boys. "As far as I can remember I played with boys rather than girls," she once told a reporter. She remembered the boys teasing her and testing her ability. Most girls liked her, but were sometimes afraid of her roughness. She played mainly basketball in her high school career. Her basketball team never lost when she played and she brought them to numerous state championships. After her junior year she dropped out and got a job in Dallas as a stenographer at the Employers Casualty Company which sponsored a basketball team named Dallas Golden Cyclones. She was selected all- American and led the Cyclones to a national title. In 1931 they won the national AAU championship. She scored 30 or more points in most games. After basketball season, she started track and field where she earned world, American, and Olympic records in five different events. She became a premier woman's track and field player in the nation! After her Golden Cyclone career she was in...

Cubism1 essays

Cubism1 essays Cubism is one of the first forms of abstract art. "Cubism was a movement in painting that sought to break down objects into basic shapes of cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones." Cubism originated in France and was influenced by African sculptures and by Paul Cezanne. The first cubist works were those in which objects, landscapes, and people are represented as many-sided solids. This enables you to see various views of the object at the same time. Later, cubism changed using a flatter type of abstraction, in which the complete pattern, becomes more important, and the objects represented are largely indecipherable. At first, most artists painted with little color. "Most paintings were either monochromatic or gray, blue, brown, and white. The final phase of cubism is called synthetic. In this phase color reappears as a primary element in the artwork. Cezanne was an artist who led the way to cubism or abstract art. Before Cezanne, artists would portray the world realistically. "It is above all Czannes obsession with formal elements of composition and his use of color as tone rather than the Impressionist pursuit of light on surface that makes his art so important to those who followed. Czannes works made it possible for artists to start to question what they saw, the way in which they saw it, and how they interpreted and represented what was in front of them". Cezanne felt that paintings should reflect artists sensations made into a pictorial form by brush strokes, color, and lines. He was known to work slowly and use colors to build shapes. In the still-life pictures that he made of fruits and bowls one can tell that he worked slowly as there are different and contradicting shadows in his pictures. Early in his career Cezanne loved to paint Sainte-Victoire (landscapes). Later he painted portraits such as "Woman with a Coffee Pot " and "The Card Players". When he began to paint landscape again h...

What to do when you hate your job but cant quit

What to do when you hate your job but cant quit Here’s a tricky situation that may sound familiar- you have a job that you’re not exactly in love with (okay, you hate it), but for one reason or another you can’t quit. The reasons for feeling as if you’re stuck there can vary wildly- perhaps it’s tied to money, or you feel as if this position is an important step on your career ladder, or maybe you just love the snacks in the break room too much. Whatever your reasoning is for feeling as if you can’t leave a job you despise, the effects of this situation can be significant. According to an article published by Forbes, on top of the increased levels of unhappiness you’ll experience from going to work every day, hating your job can lead to unwanted weight gain; a compromised immunity and greater risk of physical and mental illness; higher levels of stress, fatigue, and irritability; and lost sleep- not a good recipe for professional fulfillment and success!If you’re feeling as i f you’re stuck working at in a job you hate, don’t despair! There are some strategies you can take advantage of to make your situation a little more tolerable. Psychology Today recently published an article on things you can do if you find yourself in this tight spot. Consider the following tips to make your current work life more bearable.See the light at the end of the tunnel.Ever hear the phrase â€Å"nothing lasts forever†? This holds true for jobs too. Although you may feel stuck in a difficult job now, try to imagine a work scenario beyond your current one in which you’re happy, fulfilled, and truly satisfied professionally. You can even start some initial planning to bring you closer to this future, like updating your resume and visiting job sites to see what’s available in your industry. Sometimes, a few mental leaps like these can really help take the edge off of a tough work reality.Learn what you can.Never stop obtaining new info and ski lls. Even in awful jobs there may be the possibility of building your knowledge, experience, and skillset- which will help set you up nicely for future job opportunities. Although you don’t love your current job, make sure you take what you can from it and set yourself up to become better equipped professionally on the other side of this unhappy experience.Grow your network.Even in the worst jobs there are often colleagues that you get along well with and opportunities to meet others in your field. Take full advantage of this possibility when you can and build your professional network- which can help make your current job a little better while also setting you up for a much easier job hunt in the future, when the time comes.Focus on the positives.Sure, if there are things about your job that you really don’t like then chances are it will have a negative effect on you for as long as you’re there. But if you have to be there longer than you’d like, then tr y focusing a bit more on the positives, no matter how small. Maybe you really like some of your coworkers, or your desk is near a window with a nice view, or your commute is easy, or you get to leave right at 5 p.m. every day- whatever the case may be, do your bets to come up with a list of things that you actually do like about your current work situation and try focusing on those.You’re certainly not alone if you don’t love going to work every day. They key is never to wallow and not to let your current situation derail your entire life. Use the tips and strategies presented here to make the best of a bad gig, and focus on a happier job future that’s certainly to come down the line.

Motivation and Gender Differences in Gym Activity Essay

Motivation and Gender Differences in Gym Activity - Essay Example Attending the gym and maintaining health and physical vigor has now emerged as a serious matter that needs solemn discussion. It is common knowledge that many are attracted to gym activities and they give greater concern to it and they consider it equal to any other activities or part of their daily routine. Regardless of age or gender, one can see people attending the gym, motivated by different reasons. While some attend gym activities for maintaining physical health/fitness, some others attend it for competence. Some people attend gym activities for performance or for getting noticed in social spheres. The study is based on the role of motivation for exercise in the gym and also the preference of activities on the gender differences in the gym. In the modern world, people are suffering from various health problems leading to many diseases; so nowadays people take initiative to prevent health problems themselves. There are many benefits to people who are engaging in physical activi ties, including relief from heart disease, diabetics, obesity, cancer, and such other diseases. Majority of the people realize the need for exercise from their own experiences and also by observing from others, but yet some others will not do any exercises until they get external motivation. Some physical activities like jogging, walking, and so on help people to relax their mind as well as help to meet new people and build new relationships. Incentives play an important role in motivating people for doing exercises. Nowadays people consider the gym as an important aid to build and maintain a good body. In the past, the gym was considered as a place only for men but now women also take part in gym activities. Women concentrate on activities like yoga, cycling, and dancing whereas the males focus on the shaping and building of their body. This study includes the two types of hypothesis; firstly, the majority of males engage in anaerobic activities whereas the females concentrate on a erobic activities and secondly, the motives of the participants are based on personal interest.

Take Home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take Home Exam - Essay Example In a broader sense, the objective theories are methodical, possessing a technical background. Their goal is to test proposed arguments in order to make a clear understanding of facts. They tend to ensure that authenticity is presented in an accurate way. The objective views are remarkable in determining the endeavors and certainty of the general laws. Avoidance of biasness by the researcher is excellent in the objective theories. They do not incorporate personal views of the researcher in the outcome of the research course. In the onset of the research, the objective theories begin with a notion of predictable outcomes. These predictions are the building blocks of the outcome in the objective theory. They tend to search for rationalization of the reasons for the responses that occur due to specific motivators in nature, with the use of scientific techniques of research that provide quantitative analysis of data derived from practical survey and analytical research. Conversely, interpretative theories base their arguments and understanding on communication portraying that reality is a communal affair. The language of a community is portrayed as the base of realism. If pursued further, they tend to lay emphasis on written language as the starting point for reality. The interpretative theories tend to have a specific standpoint that they assume is the most important position for putting forward factors concerning reality. They tend to have a biased approach towards the truth. Personal opinion of the researcher is welcome in the outcome of the findings. Each finding is explained in its own circumstance. They also tend to promote believe that the intention of research is cognizant of the prevailing situation, leaving researchers to incorporate their own ideologies in the research findings. A good objective theory seeks to produce the final information from the data acquired in the research as well as explaining the meaning of all data appearing on the findings. It

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - Essay Example However this evolution came with a struggle that was marked by numerous constitutional crises. Perhaps the most important early constitutional crisis that dealt with this issue revolved around the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws, which dealt censorship in the press, immigration, treason, and related punishments, were established by national government and endorsed by a majority of the states as a means of securing the national safety and welfare during its time of early development, but they were believed by several key founding fathers – notably Thomas Jefferson and James Madison – to be unconstitutional. In response to the laws, Jefferson penned the Kentucky Resolution and Madison the Virginia Resolution – both documents that mapped out a protest against the national laws which eventually fed into those later constitutional fights. In this brief paper, the arguments Jefferson and Madison put forward will be compared and contrasted. Both Jefferson and Madison relied on a theory of a national compact in the establishment of the US Constitution which argued that the states were the true representatives of the people and that they had endorsed the national constitution, but only so far as it went in carrying out its limited powers enumerated in the Constitution. Madison (1798) wrote that the Virginia Assembly viewed the national government’s role â€Å"as resulting from the compact, to which the states are parties; as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting the compact.† He argued that that the states had a â€Å"right† and in fact were â€Å"duty bound† to â€Å"interpose† when the national government overstepped its role and sought powers that the states believed were beyond the limits of its authority. Jefferson (1799) agreed, claiming that if the national government were the sole authority regarding the limits of its authority it would lead to the dissolution of the states and a

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final paper - Essay Example These groups do not access equal levels of services. On the side of the medical care services, the high-class earners do have the best access to the best services than any other class. The government of the United States has tried to improve the health care system as much as possible, and make sure that every citizen in the United States gets the best medical care possible no matter their income. The government has majorly called for the private sector to offer affordable and quality medical services to every individual in the country so that there is equity in the distribution of the service. Policies governing the medical care system have received several amendments with a view to ensuring that every citizen gets the same access to quality health services. United States belongs to the class of the most industrialized nations in the world. Therefore, it is the expectation of every other individual in any other nation that the people of the United States must receive the best medical care possible. United States spends more cash in the health care sector with the aim of upgrading the system, but still shortcomings prevail (Gruber 15) Statistically, USA has the biggest budget in the world on health care sector and this is not expected to shoot down but up in the coming years, due to the increased challenge in medical care because of industrialization and technological advancement. Health care in USA remains to be a nightmare to many to date, as they cannot have the quality medical care they need. The private sector in the United States has a great share of the health care equipment and operates them for he benefit of their customers (Gruber 15). This leaves the government with the challenge of healthcare provision to the rest of the population unable to afford in the private sector. The other challenge storms in due to lack of specialized treatment equipment for patients diagnosed with critical issues. This explains simply why United

Native Americans Trailer Feather War Bonnet and Tipi Essay - 51

Native Americans Trailer Feather War Bonnet and Tipi - Essay Example There is also a window which makes it possible to think that the tip is placed inside a bigger room probably a tent, and thus maybe the structure is used to display the Native Culture. Most of the time nowadays, this kind of a war bonnet is seen by the young generations during movies, because most of these native wears are not concentrated on in today’s societies. The Indian tribes associated with such headdress and housing includes the Sioux, Crow, and Blackfeet, Cheyenne, and Plains Cree. They are commonly found in the Great Plains region, which is concentrated with tribes of the Native Americans. A war bonnet is a very important attire worn during important ceremonies by the Native American chiefs and warriors. These headdresses are only worn by men in the Native American tribes, and especially during the fighting. There are different kinds of war bonnets such as the Halo war bonnet, which is a combination of eagle feathers, spread out around the face and fashioned in an oval shape. There is another one which is known as the straight-up feather headdress; it is a taller, narrower and in this kind of headdress, the eagle’s feathers stand up straight. In the picture, the kind displayed is a trailer headdress. It is a headdress with single or double rows of eagle feathers designed in a long tail that touches the ground. The tipis are houses used by the red Indians for shelter. Every Native American tribe had a different kind of tipi that would serve their needs and especially one that would suit their particular lifestyle. It looks like a cone-shaped wooden house. It is made of a wooden frame and is covered with hiding and especially with buffalo hide. Tips are very easy to construct and also to bring down, as the tribes that use them are pastoralist, hence, they do not need permanent residence.

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final paper - Essay Example These groups do not access equal levels of services. On the side of the medical care services, the high-class earners do have the best access to the best services than any other class. The government of the United States has tried to improve the health care system as much as possible, and make sure that every citizen in the United States gets the best medical care possible no matter their income. The government has majorly called for the private sector to offer affordable and quality medical services to every individual in the country so that there is equity in the distribution of the service. Policies governing the medical care system have received several amendments with a view to ensuring that every citizen gets the same access to quality health services. United States belongs to the class of the most industrialized nations in the world. Therefore, it is the expectation of every other individual in any other nation that the people of the United States must receive the best medical care possible. United States spends more cash in the health care sector with the aim of upgrading the system, but still shortcomings prevail (Gruber 15) Statistically, USA has the biggest budget in the world on health care sector and this is not expected to shoot down but up in the coming years, due to the increased challenge in medical care because of industrialization and technological advancement. Health care in USA remains to be a nightmare to many to date, as they cannot have the quality medical care they need. The private sector in the United States has a great share of the health care equipment and operates them for he benefit of their customers (Gruber 15). This leaves the government with the challenge of healthcare provision to the rest of the population unable to afford in the private sector. The other challenge storms in due to lack of specialized treatment equipment for patients diagnosed with critical issues. This explains simply why United

America's Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

America's Court - Essay Example As observed in the preface, Supreme Court justices and all other holders of positions under the federal judiciary are tenured to serve for as long as they live and can only be ousted from office by impeachment, a process which has not dismissed yet from the service any justice of the United States Supreme Court. The justices are not as particular as with the high officials in the executive and legislative branches of the United States government as far as concerning media releases. They are of the contention that what is more important is that the public, the lawyers and the judges, both in the federal and state levels, know and understand the rationale and wisdom in their decisions and the opinions stated therein. That explains why the high court did not have formal office for more than a hundred years that would supposedly attend to media matters. However, Chief Justice Warren Burger, with his activist stance, was personally of the view that the press sector could not just be simpl y disregarded. The Supreme Court was provided with its own building in 1935. It was only during this time that the judicial highness hired a Press Clerk in the person of one Banning Whittington, once a reporter of the United Press. The move was intended to accommodate the resident press people. Ultimately, it was deemed necessary to have a Public Information Officer who would connect and relate with and between the judiciary branch, the press, the public and, at times, the people from the movie industry. The justices then believed that the person to fill up the position should not be a lawyer in order to avoid a situation where the latter might venture into giving opinions to the inquiring public with regards to a decision or pending resolution of the high court. Along that line, a situation where the personal interpretation of the office holder might pose